Enhancement of Hydrate Stability through Substitutional Defects

Cytosine monohydrate (CM) and anhydrate crystal forms reversibly interconvert under high temperatures or humidity conditions. Here, we demonstrate through defect engineering the ability to expand thermal stability range of CM targeted creation quantifiable defects in low-level concentrations. Twelve different molecular dyes with a variety core structures charges were screened as potential dopants CM. CM-dye phases prepared Congo red (CR), Evans blue (EB), Azocarmine G (AG) exhibited highest inclusion levels (up 1.1 wt %). In these doped isomorphous materials, each dye is presumed substitute for 4–7 cytosine molecules within low-rugosity (102) planes matrixes, thereby creating substitutional an impediment cooperative motions which enable transformation anhydrate. Dehydration materials engineered requires significantly higher proceeds slower kinetics compared pure The also exhibit reduction expansion along key crystallographic axes yield dehydration products altered particle morphologies.